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BIOL1114

PREVIEW MATERIAL FOR Exam 1 - Fall 2016

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The following material will appear on the upcoming exam. Use this preview to familiarize yourself with the material, and guide you in studying. Be sure to look up the definitions of any words you do not know. You are free to discuss this material or ask questions about it.

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Collared aracari (Pteroglossus torquatus), a toucan species.

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Animal physiologists have captured a dragonfly and its chief predator, the toucan, in the Amazonian rainforest. Because they are interested in measuring the metabolic rates of both species, the physiologists place each in a chamber with temperature control and measure their carbon dioxide (CO2) production rates at different ambient (environmental) temperatures:



This fox frequently appears curled up (legs tucked under, furry tail wrapped around) on roofs of dark-colored cars,in a University of Colorado parking lot,but only on cool,sunny mornings. .


Brett, a student who has not taken BIOL 1114, is testing the effect of pH of cleaning solutions on growth of mold (a fungus). pH is a scale ranging from low (below 7 is acidic) to high (above 7 is alkaline), with 7 being neutral. Brett adjusts the cleaning solution to pH 2. Brett then applies the solution to 25 slate tiles that are covered in mold, and measures the amount of mold after 24 hours, in cm2. Brett then graphs the amount of mold (on the Y-axis) for each of the 25 tiles (on the X-axis, which Brett labels as pH 2). Brett measures very little mold growth on the tiles after they were immersed in the solutions overnight.

 


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The molds initially grew in a thin layer over the entire tile surface.


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After many days, mold growth was much thicker.


The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has contracted a laboratory to determine whether a new fungicide (chemical that kills fungi) may be toxic to amphibians at environmentally relevant concentrations. Amphibians absorb chemicals through their skin. The scientists examine whether the fungicide affects the distance Great Plains toads (Anaxyrus cognatus) can jump. They expose ten toads to each of five concentrations of the fungicide in heated tanks, and record the distance all toads can jump. The average jump distance for toads exposed to each concentration was:



The heat lamp in one of the experimental tanks got stuck in the ‘On’ position, and thus the temperature in that tank was much higher than in the other experimental tanks. The experimenters noticed that toads overheated in that tank, and had a red, flushed look to their normally white belly skin.


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In their natural habitat, when toads become dehydrated, they press their bellies to the soil to absorb water. When toads become overheated, they burrow underground, where they rest against the cooler soil.


 

Lower abdomen of a juvenile toad showing the pelvic patch (dark region) where water is absorbed through the skin. Source: © Patrick Cusaac


 

Lower abdomen of Green Toad showing the pelvic patch (dark region) where water is absorbed through the skin.


The venom of a newly discovered species of spider affects animals by preventing the formation of NADH from NAD+ during respiration.


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A researcher wants to filter red blood cells out of a sample of blood. Unfortunately, normal red blood cells are just small enough to pass through the filter.


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Different species of hummingbirds inhabit the Amazonian Rainforest. Ornithologist Israel Garcia determined that hummingbird species in this hot and humid ecosystem are remarkably different in size compared with those living in the slopes of the Andean Cordilleras. He measured temperature and humidity in Andean Cordilleras and found that both are low compared to the Amazon Rainforest. Ornithologist Garcia calculates the SA/V ratio of a 1-cm tall Amazonian and a 3 cm tall Andean hummingbird, which have the same shape. As Ornithologist Garcia is retrieving a frosty-cold adult beverage from an ice chest, an Amazonian hummingbird enters the chest and is accidentally enclosed in it for 10 minutes. The ornithologist proposed the hummingbird survived because the temperature was low but the O2 supply was high. To warm itself, the hummingbird may have made its inner-mitochondrial membranes permeable (leaky) to H+. If the air in the chest lacked O2, the hummingbird would have died.


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A researcher studying insects fed only sugar discovers that an insecticide stops all ATP production.


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