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BIOL1114

PREVIEW MATERIAL FOR EXAM 3 - Fall 2018, November 19, 2018

The following material will appear on the upcoming exam. Use this preview to familiarize yourself with the material, and guide you in studying. Be sure to look up the definitions of any words you do not know. You are free to discuss this material or ask questions about it.

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Failure to perform this correctly will incur a -10 pt handling fee. Read all questions and answers carefully before choosing the single BEST response for each question. Feel free to ask the instructor for clarification.



Malthus

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British economist Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) had a strong influence upon Charles Darwin. After carefully collecting data from the history of many human civilizations, Malthus wrote that human populations, like animal and plant populations in nature, grow rapidly and deplete their resources, resulting in famine and disease, which caused a population decline. Darwin incorporated these observations into his ideas on natural selection following his voyage to the Galápagos Islands.


Trout

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Some studies in trout show seasonal changes in metabolic rate (MR) independent from the surrounding temperature, for example higher MR in spring than summer.


Heterothermic fish

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Most fishes are about the same temperature as the surrounding water, which may be cold or warm. However, a few species have evolved the ability to produce heat, a condition called either heterothermy or regional endothermy. Heterotherm fishes have “heater organs” such as red swimming muscles that produce heat during cold temperature. Red swimming muscles enable the fish to travel long distance and contain more mitochondria and more synaptic connections with motor neurons than white muscles.


Cod

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Some fish such as Atlantic Cod synthesize antifreeze proteins during winter to prevent formation of ice crystals, which can puncture cell membranes. There is an apparent variation among populations of Atlantic Cod in the ability of the fish to synthesize antifreeze proteins. Ichthyologist Elizabeth Turner did an extensive tissue sampling in Cod populations from the warm waters of Florida and the cold waters of Maine to determine either the presence or absence of antifreeze proteins in their cells. She found out that Cod from Florida cannot produce the protein. Conversely, those fishes from Maine have the antifreeze protein. She captured a female from Maine and a male from Florida and bred them. She found out that all the offspring in the first generation had antifreeze protein. Dr. Turner sequenced the gene that codes for the antifreeze protein. She found out this gene has a sequence of 378 nitrogenous bases.


Blood types

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Biochemists at the University of British Columbia recently announced that they had discovered an enzyme that is able to cuts off both the A and B antigens from the surfaces of human red blood cells (RBCs). They were optimistic about the medical implications of this discovery.


DMD

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Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X-linked recessive trait, is a human disease that causes progressive muscular weakness.


Arrow indicates macrophages

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Rather than use the estimates of total populations of macrophages or B-cells populations in a human, health care professionals use population estimates in microliters(μL) of blood. During a secondary pneumonia infection, Pat’s macrophage count (N) in a μL rises from 100 macrophages to 400 macrophages in a day.