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Material for Exam 3 - Spring 2010
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Use a #2 pencil to fill in the information on your NCS answer sheet. Put your O-Key Account Username in the boxes indicated for LAST NAME and darken the appropriate circles. Write your Name (Last, First) and “Star” or “NoStar” in the space above the boxes containing your O-Key Account Username. Darken the (S) in the last column of the name circles. Enter the number 1013 and darken the corresponding circles in the first 4 columns of the “Student ID.” Failure to perform this correctly will incur a -10pt handling fee. Read all questions and answers carefully before choosing the single BEST response for each question. Feel free to ask the instructor for clarification.
Widow’s peak is a trait expressed in individuals that have the dominant W allele. The w allele is recessive.
sourceWhile SARS and avian influenza are emerging diseases with which the U.S. Public is most concerned, organizations such as the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) provides information about, tracks, and identifies a range of other Acute Respiratory Diseases (ARS) that have the potential to become epidemics or pandemics. PAHO recommends testing for an ARS when a patient shows symptoms of high fever (in excess of 38 °C), coughing, and shortness of breath.
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sourceThere was a mix-up at the hospital in the town of Bedrock (and possibly other funny-business, assume no knowledge of parentage). After the kids grow up, they made the following table of genetic traits to help them figure out who belongs to whom.
Person |
Sex |
Color Blind |
Ear Lobe Attached |
Blood Type |
| Possible Parents | ||||
Fred |
M |
Yes |
Yes |
A |
Wilma |
F |
No |
Yes |
AB |
Barney |
M |
Yes |
Yes |
O |
Betty |
F |
No |
No |
B |
| Possible Children | ||||
Bam Bam |
M |
Yes |
No |
AB |
Pebbles |
F |
No |
Yes |
B |
Inheritance Information |
Color blind is X-linked recessive |
Unattached (No) is dominant |
A and B are co-dominant |
|
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A dam isolated a population of fish upstream and downstream of the dam. At the time of isolation nearly all the fish were completely silver. Occasionally a heritable mutation occurs in this species of fish that results in golden color. The water is clearer upstream of the dam as compared to downstream. To predators, the golden colored fish are more camouflaged than silver colored fish downstream.
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Sickle-cell disease, an abnormality of the hemoglobin protein, is a common blood disease among African peoples. Sickle-cell disease causes red blood cells to become altered into a crescent sickle shape. Because it is less soluble than normal hemoglobin (hemoglobin A), sickle-cell hemoglobin (hemoglobin S) carries less of the oxygen required for aerobic cellular respiration. Those with sickle-cell disease usually do not survive beyond childhood.
In the 1950s, biologists realized that, in sub-Saharan Africa, the higher the incidence of malaria among the population, the higher the percentage of people carrying the sickle-cell allele. Malaria is caused by a single-celled parasite of the genus Plasmodium. It is most frequently transmitted to humans from the bite of blood-sucking Anopheles mosquitoes that are indigenous to central Africa. Malaria parasites penetrate red blood cells and feed upon their contents, leading to chronic illness and death. However, the malaria parasite is less able to infect a person having a single copy of the sickle-cell allele than a normal person. Single-celled microorganisms like Plasmodium (the malaria pathogen) are considered eukaryotes. The Anopheles mosquito that transmits malaria is most common in moist warm climates.
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source Africans with one sickle-cell allele: 25.0%
Africans with the sickle-cell disease: 0.75%
African-Americans with one sickle-cell allele: 9.0%
African-Americans with the sickle-cell disease: 0.25%
A molecular biologist characterized the amino acid sequences of hemoglobin A (normal) and hemoglobin S (sickle-cell hemoglobin), here are his results for the critical point in the protein:
Hemoglobin A = Leucine-Leucine-Threonine-Proline-Glutamate-Glutamate-Lysine
Hemoglobin S = Leucine-Leucine-Threonine-Proline-Valine-Glutamate-Lysine
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The treatment of malaria with drugs has a long history. Chloroquine, a “second-generation” antimalarial drug, showed promise for many years. However, in recent times, malaria infecting many Africans is resistant to chloroquine. Many tropical medicine experts are seeking to develop a vaccine that would be effective against infection of humans by Plasmodium.
A cattle breeder in Slaughterville, OK is experiencing major losses because of a tick outbreak. He calls a veterinarian to help him. The veterinarian wants to know how many ticks are there in the farm, and how the tick population is growing. She isolates 1 m2 of ground such that ticks cannot enter or leave the square. She first found 500 ticks inside the 1 m2 enclosure. She continues to monitor (i.e., counts, keeps track of births, deaths) the 1 m2 square monthly. The farm is 100,000 m2 . In the next month the tick population inside the 1 m2 enclosure experiences 100 births and 40 deaths. The population size in subsequent months is as follows: 628, 1010, 1829, 3756, 8984. In subsequent months, the 1 m2 enclosure was teeming with ticks – she couldn’t see even a tiny patch of bare ground! Continued monitoring yielded the following population sizes: 8984, 9781, 10234, 10009, 9963, 10120.
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